Everything about Operation Anadyr totally explained
Operation Anadyr was the code name used by the
Soviet Union for their
Cold War (
1962) strictly secret operation of deploying
ballistic missiles, medium-range bombers, and a division of mechanized infantry in
Cuba to create the army group that would be able to prevent an invasion of the island by
US military forces. Anadyr included a
military deception campaign intended to mislead Western intelligence forces: personnel were issued Arctic equipment and trained for cold weather, and the operation itself was named for the
Anadyr river in the northern part of the
Russian Far East. ("Anadyr" had also been the name of
Joseph Stalin's plan in the
1950s to stage a million-man army in
Chukotka to invade
Alaska.). The ballistic missiles were shipped to Cuba on merchant ships, and were detected by American intelligence agencies both en route and in Cuba.
In all were planned to deploy 60,000 troops, three
R-12 missile regiments and two
R-14 missile regiments. Troops were transferred by 86 ships, that conducted 180 voyages from ports
Baltiysk,
Liepāja,
Sevastopol,
Feodosia,
Nikolaev,
Poti,
Murmansk. Between
June 17 and
October 22 there were transferred 24 launching pads, 42
R-12 rockets, including six training ones, some 45
nuclear warheads, 42
Il-28 bombers, a
fighter aircraft regiment (40
Mig-21 aircraft), two
Anti-Air Defense divisions, four mechanized infantry regiments, and other military units - some 47,000 troops in total. The deployment was uncovered by the U.S. intelligence aviation on
October 14. Two days later the fact of Soviet missile presence on Cuba became known to the U.S. President and military command and the
Caribbean Crisis started.
threatened
nuclear war until diplomatic pressure caused
Premier of the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev to halt Anadyr and remove the missiles.
Operation Kama
A part of Operation
Anadyr was Operation
Kama, a plan to forward-base seven Soviet ballistic missile submarines in
Mariel,
Cuba, much like the
United States bases ballistic missile submarines in
Holy Loch,
Scotland. The operation began on
October 1,
1962 with the departure of four diesel-electric attack submarines to the
Caribbean Sea to clear the way. All four submarines were Project 641 boats, known to
NATO as the
"Foxtrot" class. The boats were the
B-4, known as Chelyabinski Komsomolets, the
B-36, the
B-59, and the
B-130.
Kama failed independently of
Anadyr; none of the ballistic missile submarines ever departed for Cuba, and all four of the attack submarines were detected and followed closely by American
destroyers and ASW aircraft. (Some of the destroyer crews harassed the Soviet submarines by dropping hand grenades overboard, which did no harm to the boats but made it clear that
depth charges could follow at any time.) Equipment failures and the skill of the destroyer crews prevented three of the submarines from breaking contact long enough to surface and recharge their batteries; those three suffered the ignominy of surfacing in sight of their enemy, an action that in time of war would have caused their death or capture. Only
Chelyabinski Komsomolets successfully broke contact and returned to the Soviet Union without being forced to surface.
Further Information
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